Kogai thru Kuruma

JAPANESE PRINTS

A MILLION QUESTIONS

TWO MILLION MYSTERIES

Ukiyo-e Prints

浮世絵版画

Port Townsend, Washington

The wallpaper on this page is shown courtesy of Shu Suehiro at http://www.botanic.jp/index.htm.

It is a glorious and rich site for anyone interested in plants both Japanese and otherwise.

INDEX/GLOSSARY

Kōgai thru Kuruma

The painting of the hallucinogenic
fly argaric mushroom by Heiko Sievers
was used to mark additions made
in May and June 2010.

The negative image of the iris posted at

commons.wikimedia.org by D. L. Lindwall

were used in March and April.

TERMS FOUND ON THIS PAGE:

Kōgai, Kōhone, Koma, Komori, Komugi, Komusō,

Kongara Dōji and Seitaka Dōji, Kongōsho, Kōro, Kōshi, Kōshijima, Koshimaki,

Koshimino, Koshinzuka, Kosugiwara, Kote, Koto, Kotoji, Kotsuzumi,

Kubihiki, Kuchinashi, Kumagai Jiro Naozane, Kurai-boshi, Kurogo,

Kurowatsunagi, Kuro yuri and Kuruma

笄, 河骨, 独楽, 蝙蝠, 小麦, 虚無僧, 矜羯羅童子 & 制た迦童子, 金剛杵,

香炉, 格子, 格子縞, 腰巻, 腰蓑, 庚申塚, 籠手, 琴, 琴柱, 小鼓, 首引, 梔,

熊谷次郎直実, 位星, 黒子,郭繋, 黒百合 and 車

こうがい, こうほね, こま, こうもり, こむぎ, こむそう, こんがら.どうじ & せいたか.どうじ,
こんごうしょ, こうろ, こうし, こうしじま, こしまき, こしみの, こうしんづか,

こすぎわら, こて, こと, ことじ, こつずみ, くびひき, くちなし, くまで,

くまがい.じろう.なおざね, くらいぼし, くろご, くるわつなぎ, くろゆり and くるま.

One more note about this page and all of the others on this site:

If two or more sources are cited they may be completely contradictory.

I have made no attempt to referee these differences, but have simply

repeated them for your edification or use. Quote anything you find here

at your own risk and with a whole lot of salt.

TERM/NAME

KANJI/KANA

DESCRIPTION/

DEFINITION/

CATEGORY

Click on the yellow numbers

to go to linked pages.

Kōgai

笄

こうがい

"Long hairpins used for traditional Japanese hairstyles. Originally, kōgai were used by both men and women for parting and styling the hair, as well as for scratching the scalp. During the Edo period (1600-1868), they also functioned as women's hair ornaments, varying in size and decoration. Kōgai were made of wood, bamboo, metal, glass, tortoiseshell, or the shinbones of cranes and were sometimes decorated with gold and silver lacquework."

Quote from: Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, vol. 4, entry by Hashimoto Sumiko, p. 246.

"An ornament made of shell, worn by married women in the hair; also, two iron rods carried in the scabbard of the short sword, used as chopsticks."

Quote from: A Japanese and English Dictionary with and English and Japanese Index, by James Curtis Hepburn, published by Charles E. Tuttle Co., 1991 edition, p. 218.

The photograph on the bottom has been sent to us by a particularly good friend who has a collection of such things. Notice the difference between the this kōgai and the detail from the Kunichika print above it. Obviously these are considerably different. However, when I tried to find an example in print form like the one on the bottom I was stumped although this is the standard type shown when searched on the Internet. Hmmm?

(See also our entry on kanzashi.)

Kōhone

河骨

こうほね

Cow-lily, spatterdock motif used occasionally for family crests or mons. John W. Dower in his The Elements of Japanese Design (p. 78) speculated that variations of this pattern were used because they closely resembled the more prestigious hemlock or aoi motif.

The choice of coloring is all my own and not taken from any traditional usage.

The photos of the kōhone are provided by Shu Suehiro at http://www.botanic.jp/index.htm.

Koma

独楽

こま

The top appears to be native to Japan and may be like so many other things which were invented independently in many different places. It was already popular by the Heian period. Eventually it came to be one of those 'games' played by boys during the New Year's celebration.

What puzzles me, and many things puzzle me, is why, when and how the top became a family crest or mon in Japan. What family would pick it if they weren't top making specialists? When I lived in the Midwest a local university needed to choose a name and mascot for its men's basketball team. They decided on the kangaroo shortened to roo. I understand that they chose it because of that animal's legendary ability to jump and leap, but I couldn't help thinking that it seemed a little silly for a Missouri school to opt for an herbivorous, leaping Australian marsupial which normally could only be seen in American zoos -- unless, of course, one was lucky enough to travel down under and then get off the beach or out of the pub.

Koma asobi (独楽遊び or こまあそび) is a game played by boys.

In a children's book, Spinning Toys by Dana Meachen Rau (published by Compass Point Books, 2004, p. 6) the author states: "Tops first came to Japan from China about 1,200 years ago. [Of course this contradicts what I said at the top of this entry.] They were not children's toys. Only very wealthy people played with tops."

Komori

蝙蝠

こうもり

Bat - a commonly used motif. See our entry listed under fú. There are two other readings of these characters which also mean bat: kawahori (かわほり) and henpuku (へんぷく). All of these also mean 'opportunist'. 1

Komugi

小麦

こむぎ

Komugi, i.e., Triticum aestivum is wheat and is the source of the flour used to make udon noodles. We discussed soba and udon noodles on one of our Toyokuni I pages.

Komugiko (小麦粉 or こむぎこ) is the term used for wheat flour.

Also, go to our entry on udon noodles on our U thru Yakata-bune inedex/glossary page.

According to A Dictionary of Japanese Food: Ingredients and Culture by Richard Hosking (p. 82) komugi is also used in making soy sauce and miso.

THE MYTHIC ORIGIN OF WHEAT (AND SERICULTURE): In the Kojiki (古事記 or こじき), as translated by Donald L. Philippi (p. 87), Book I, Chapter 18, Susa-nö-wo approaches the food goddess and asks her for sustenance. "Then Opo-gë-tu-pime took various viands out of her nose, her mouth, and rectum, prepared them in various ways, and presented them to him./Thereupon Paya-susa-nö-wo-nö-mikötö, who had been watching her actions, thought that she was polluting the food before offering it to him and killed Opo-gë-tu-pime-nö-kamï./ In the corpse of the slain deity there grew [various] things: in her head there grew silkworms; in her two eyes there grew rice seeds; in her two ears there grew millet; in her nose there grew red beans; in her genitals there grew wheat; in her rectum there grew soy beans."

In the Nihon shoki (日本書紀 or にほんしょき) the version is somewhat different. In that one the Sun goddess is angered by the Moon deity who slays the food goddess. From the head comes cattle and horses, but wheat still originates in the genitals.

The entry on wheat and barley by Hoshikawa Kiyochika in the Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan (vol. 8, p. 251) gives an alternative source to the ones mentioned above: "Both of these grains were introduced to Japan at nearly the same time in the 3rd or 4th century AD from China."

The images to the left are being shown courtesy of Shu Suehiro at http://www.botanic.jp/index.htm. We would urge you to visit that valuable site.

Komusō

虚無僧

こむそう

A wandering mendicant Buddhist Zen monk of the Fuke subgroup of the Rinzai ( 臨済 or りんざい) sect. They wear large sedge hats, tengai, which hide their identities and play the Japanese flute or shakuhachi. Always dressed in their priests robes and large hat this became a favorite disguise for lovers, spies and criminals as was frequently portrayed in the kabuki theater.

According to the Dictionary of Japanese Culture by Setsuko Kojima and Gene A. Crane (p. 185) these strolling priests made their first appearance during the Muromachi period (1336-1568). One of the later give-aways that the monk was not really a monk, but a disguised samurai was the sword they carried at their side.

Mock Joya states that the monks head was completely covered because they were not allowed to show their faces outside of their monasteries. The reason so many samurai adopted this costume came about from the fact that they had fled to the Fuke monasteries for protection and chose to dress like the monks when they went out into the world. Although the Fuke sect was dissolved by the Meiji administration near the beginning of its term this didn't totally stop beggars from wearing the same guise because the public continued to feed and support them. (Source: Mock Joya's Things Japanese, p. 545)

The image to the left above is a detail from the Gyōsho Tōkaidō series by Hiroshige. Here two kamusō are encountering a peddler. Below that is a detail from a photo posted by Tarourashima at commons.wikimedia. It shows that kamusō are still active.

In Edo Culture: Daily Life and Diversions in Urban Japan, 1600-1868 by Nishiyama Matsunosuke (p. 122) it states that "...the shakuhachi-playing monks called komosō... [were later called komusō]..." On page 124 the author says: "These monks formed an association that functioned as a kind of relief organization for masterless samurai. The way of the komusō was an honorable calling. As a member of the warrior class , a komusō might theoretically be summoned to rout an enemy. Komusō were thus granted freedom to travel anywhere they pleased. They were given the right to use ferries free of charge and even attended the theater without paying admission. Komusō often misused their privileges, however, and were known to wreck havoc on the road or in the villages through which they passed. The bakufu responded to such behavior by repeatedly issuing various prohibitions. [¶] Komusō were required to tour either alone or in pairs; no large groups of komusō roamed the land during the Edo period. Moreover, komusō were not allowed to stay at a location for longer than a day; nor did they have the right to use horses or palanquins. The komusō were, however, never required to remove their basketlike hat. No matter how exalted a presence they might encounter on the road or at an inn, they were not obliged to show their faces. Hence on both the roads and at inns, komusō were highly conspicuous. [¶] Over one hundred komusō temples existed throughout Japan." Their sect was 'abolished by law' in 1871 after the Tokugawa government fell, but they were reinstated in the middle of the Meiji period.

Komuso literally means "monks 僧 of empty 虚 nothingness 無"

The komusō is used twice in two different acts of the Chushingura, i.e., 'The Tale of the 47 Loyal Retainers'. In Act VI Gōemon and Yogorō disguise themselves by wearing wicker hats. In Act IX a mother agrees to kill her daughter. At the same time there is a komusō playing his flute nearby. Every time she is about to strike the fatal blow someone yells "Stop!" The mother doesn't know if this is meant for her or the komusō. At this point Ōishi, the wife of Kuranosuke, the leader of the 47 men, enters carrying a small tray, compliments the mother and daughter on the sacrifice they were willing to make. Then she demands that the head of Honzō be placed on the tray in exchange for a dowry to an agreed marriage. Oishi declares: "I want Honzō's white head on this stand. If you refuse, my husband and I will put other heads there, it doesn't matter whose." Implying that the heads of the mother, Tonase, and that of her daughter, Konami, would serve just as well. At this point Honzō makes his presence known. "I offer you the head of Kakogawa Honzō. Please take it. NARRATOR: "The komusō who had been standing at the gate removes his hat and throws it down. He silently walks inside. KONAMI: Father! TONASE: Honzō, what are you doing here? And in that disguise. I don't understand. What does it mean." Below are two image of Honzō. The one on the left is from a print by Hokusai and the one on the right is a detail from a triptych by Toyokuni III.

A. C. Scott wrote in 1955 in The Kabuki Theatre of Japan that "The name komusō was that of the follower of the Buddhist priest Kakusha, who returned from China in A.D. 1254, and was said to have introduced the shakuhachi from there, his pupils after that carrying it when preaching Buddhism. In the Tokugawa era lordless samurai, seeking vengeance, began to adopt the komusō costume as a disguise, often carrying the flute made of much stouter bamboo as a weapon." [So far this is the only information we have found on Kakusha and can not as yet corroborate this story.]

We now have an answer to the problem posed above: "Kakushin [覚心 or かくしん], who studied under Fu-yen in China, founded a mendicant form of Zen Buddhism, usually referred to as komusō (community of nothingness)." (Quoted from: Religion in Japanese History by Joseph Kitagawa, footnote 85, p. 123)

The Fuke sect was founded in 1255. "...Fuke was founded by Kakushin who... went to China in 1249 and received Zen training under Fu-yen (Butsugen), a great teacher of the school. On his return home he founded the school of homeless mendicancy, commonly called 'community of nothingness,' in which the members were said to be 'lying on dew and feeding on air.' " (Quoted from: The Essentials of Buddhist Philosophy by T. Takakusu, p. 169)

"Despite his great gifts, Shinchi Kakushin... (1207-1298), a contemporary of Enni, did not play as important a role in Japanese Zen history, for he loved solitude and after an exciting apprenticeship took up permanent residence on a remote piece of land in his native region." His sojourn in China lasted six years.

In Edo Culture...., a book cited above, the author said that travel for the komusō was unrestricted. However, Constantine Vaporis in Breaking Barriers: Travel and the State in Early Modern Japan twice throws doubt on this claim. On page 131 he lists a number of types who "...were prohibited from entering numerous domains." Komusō were listed among them. Later (p. 147) Vaporis notes that komusō with legitimate passes could travel freely. However, komusō without permits would be questioned thoroughly and only if they were deemed acceptable, i.e., non-threatening could they continue. It should be noted that women needed permits - especially if they were traveling westward from Edo. They didn't need them if they were heading into the shogunal capitol. Among others, like women, who needed travel permits were "...prisoners, the wounded, decapitated heads, corpses, and the insane..."

Kongara Dōji and Seitaka Dōji

矜羯羅童子

こんがら.どうじ

制た迦童子

せいたか.どうじ

Fudō Myōō, one of the five wise kings of Buddhism, is almost always shown as with his two attendants Kongara and Seitaka, at least as far as ukiyo prints were involved. There are several references in certain esoteric Buddhist sutras which mentions a total of eight attendants. In fact, there were sculptures of the Kamakura period (1192-1333) created for temples which showed Fudō Myōō amidst this larger grouping.

Kongōsho

金剛杵

こんごうしょ

Kongōsho is the Japanese word for the vajra which is a symbol of esoteric Buddhism used by the Shingon and Tendai sect. It is a physical representation of the Diamond or Thunderbolt Realm which is one of two forms of Buddhist reality. Originally an Indo-Aryan thunderbolt weapon it eventually evolved into a single, double, triple or even five pronged object. In the image to the left the vajra is the handle of a bell.

"The Buddhist vajra embodies the incisive power of wisdom to disarm hindrances to enlightenment. A five-pronged vajra, employed only by the chief officiant, is associated with five kinds of wisdom of the Five Great Dhyani Buddhas...as well as with the five elements...the five senses, and many other sets of five. A three-pronged vajra is linked to karma and its manifestations in body, speech, and mind."

Quoted from: Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, vol. 1, entry by Jane T. Griffin, p. 196.

An alternate name for the kongōsho is toko. It is also known as a kongō rei (金剛霊 or こんごうれい) or ritual bell. It is also referred to as a gokorei (五鈷鈴 or ごこれい) whenever it has five prongs which generally converge at the top .

Robert Beer in his book The Encyclopedia of Tibetan Symbols and Motifs published by Shambala in Boston in 1999 (pp. 233-4) says of the vajra "As the adamantine sceptre of peaceful divinities and the indestructible weapon of wrathful deities, the vajra symbolises the male principle of method or skilful means. It is held in the right or male hand [in Tibetan iconography]. When coupled with the ghanta or bell - which symbolises wisdom and is held in the left or female hand - their pairing represents the perfect union of method and wisdom, or skilful means and discriminating awareness." 1

"...the vajra, the Diamond Thunderbolt, was also taken over into Buddhism and there became one of its pre-eminent symbols and the very foundation of the doctrines of the Vajrayāna, the Way of the Vajra. The vajra is a multivalent symbol: clear and transparent like water, it is taken to represent the Void...; it is the pounder or pestle of Knowledge... that crushes the defilements of ignorance and passion so as to reveal the eternal and immutable reality of the many dharmas; it is a weapon hurled to destroy the hindrances that block the attainment of Enlightenment, used as Indra did to destroy the Serpent; it is the lightening flash of Awakening; it is the diamond, indestructible, permanent and shining like the Dharma. 'Lying beyond words or thought, depending on nothing, showing no dharmas, without beginning, middle, or end, inexhaustible, transcending all imperfection, immutable, incorruptible - Knowledge of the Real is like the vajra, which surpasses three surpassing qualities: it is indestructible; it is the most excellent of jewels; and it is the foremost of weapons'. 'Even when buried in the mud... for innumerable aeons Knowledge is not decayed and never loses its ability to crush the passions; in the same way the diamond, even though buried in the earth for millennia still remains undecayed and unharmed, and is still capable of crushing the encrustations of lust and anger'."

Quoted from: Symbolism of the Stupa, by Adrian Snodgrass and Craig J. Reynolds, originally published by Motilal Banarsidass (in 1992), 2007, p. 174.

Vajras are normally held in the right hand while the left hold a bell. (Ibid. p. 175) What is important "...is that each [vajra] is an axial symbol, homologous with the Cosmic Pillar." (Ibid.) "The shaft of the vajra defines the axis of the world or, its equivalent, the axle of the Wheel. The Wheel of the Dharma is frequently shown with vajra spokes, thus identifying the vajra with the radii that connect our plane of existence... with the Void-point at the hub." (p. 176) Snodgrass notes that Coomaraswamy [a great scholar] had pointed out that often the spokes of the Wheel of the Law are composed of vajra themselves.

"The [kongōsho] thunderbolt symbolizes the wisdom that vanquishes delusion, while the bell was rung to call deities to the altar and celebrate their approach."

Quoted from: Discovering the Arts of Japan: A Historical Overview, by Tsuneko S. Sadao and Stephanie Wada, published by Kodansha International, 2003, p. 134.

The two photos of the vajra/kongōsho are shown on this site courtesy of Jnn at http://commons.wikimedia.org/. And boy are we grateful.

Kōro

香炉

こうろ

An incense burner. The smoke itself if referred to as kōen (香煙 or こうえん).

Kōshi

格子

こうし

Latticework - this is at the front of the house of prostitution facing the street through which the courtesans can be viewed by prospective customers. This hardly differs from a visit to the red-light district of Amsterdam in the late 1960s where the 'ladies' displayed their goods in the street level windows. Of course, these were geared toward the individual girl and not a whole bevy of beauties. Perhaps they still do that today, but haven't seen this for myself in decades.

See also our entry on magaki on our Kutsuwa thru Mok index/glossary page.

Kōshijima

格子縞

こうしじま

Plaid: Plaids in Japanese prints are a special interest of mine. I have asked several questions of several scholares about their history, but have yet to get a satisfactory response. Anyone interested in Scotland (香港仔 or すこっとらんど) knows that the Scots are famous for their plaid tartans. Patterning may be natural to every culture on earth, but as best I can tell only the Scots and the Japanese raised it to the level of an art form. Question: Could the importation of Scottish patterns have influenced their development of plaids in Japan or can someone show me examples that pre-date Japanese contact with the West? Surely there is someone out there who is versed well enough with the history of Japanese textiles who could tell me the answer.

Note that benkeigōshi (弁慶格子 or べんけいごうし) and benkeijima (弁慶縞 or べんけいじま) are also words for 'plaid'. 1, 2, 3

Koshimaki

腰巻

こしまき

The koshimaki is an underskirt or undergarment worn beneath the kimono.

The image at the top to the left shows a beautiful woman who is probably applying her makeup. Below that is an enlarged detail of the place where her bare leg appears.

When the red koshimaki appears ruffled it is said to be reminiscent of labia. The color emphasizes that allusion.

The two top detail images to the left are from a print by Kunisada.

CONFIRMATION

In Womansword: What Japanese Words Say About Women by Kittredge Cherry published by Kodansha International in 1987 on page 26 there is an entry entitled ko itten: A Touch of Scarlet. "When a lone flower blooms brightly in the foliage, Japanese admire it for adding 'a touch of scarlet' (ko itten). The same phrase denotes one woman in a group of men."

The association with women "...seems commonsensical to the Japanese. Red is 'pretty', an attribute females are supposed to seek." It can also be the color of a happy celebration. However, it is the undergarments which are really the subject of this entry. "The undergarments worn beneath kimonos by Japanese women traditionally have been red, a color thought to ward off menstrual pain and keep the female reproductive system running smoothly. Men considered a glimps of this red underwear to be very erotic." Remember Cole Porter said "In olden days a glimpse of stocking was looked on as something shocking..." And that was said about Western society in 1934.

The image to the left at the bottom is a detail from a print by Yoshitosh showing the disheveled courtesan Shiraito of the Hashimoto house published in 1886. The red undergarment is clearly visible from her right shoulder down to her feet. Take a fresh look at some of your prints or images in books or on-line when you get a chance and perhaps you will see them in a new light - that is, if you didn't already know this stuff.

Ko itten is 紅一点 or こういってん.

A clearer sense: In Kosode: 16th-19th Century Textiles from the Nomura Collection by Amanda Mayer Stinchecum it states that the koshimaki is "Literally [a] 'waist wrap'.... Worn slipped off the shoulders and held only at the waist by a separate sash."

Koshimino

腰蓑

こしみの

A grass apron worn by cormorant (ukai) fishermen. Koshi (腰) means 'hip' and properly mino (蓑) means 'straw raincoat',

but in this case a protective straw apron.

The image to the left is a detail from a print by Eisen.

See also our entries on ukai and mino.

Kōshinzuka

庚申塚

こうしんづか

A pointed stone stele which was thought to be imbued with the spirit of a god or kami

which protected travelers. Frequently carved with the image of the three monkeys.

For a full view of the whole print by Yoshiiku click on the number one in the column to the right. For more information about koshinzuka click on the number two to the right. That way you will also see the full triptych by Kunisada. 1, 2

Kosugiwara

小杉原

こすぎわら

Tissue used during the Edo period for blowing one's nose. In the Shikidō Ōkigami (色道大鏡 or しきどうおおかがみ) or 'The Great Mirror of the Erotic Way' from 1678 it states: "Tissue for blowing the nose should be restricted kosugiwara paper. Some men say that kosugiwara paper is, of course, proper for women but too elegant for men, and they wonder is if they should use kobanshi paper. This would not be right. For nose tissue in the demimonde, both men and women must always use kosugiwara paper." (Quoted from: "She Loves Me, She Loves Me Not: Shinjū and Shikidō Ōkigami" by Lawrence Rogers, Monumenta Nipponica, vol. 49, no. 1, Spring 1994, pp. 32-3)

Kobanshi (小判紙 or こばんし) means small banshi. Banshi was the most popular paper used during the Edo period.

The image shown above is by Kunisada. The bijin, i.e., beautiful woman, holding a roll of tissues in here mouth. We are in no way implying that these are kosugiwara. It has been said elsewhere that images such as these were/are considered erotic on more than one level. This may do as much with their connection with the lips and mouth as with the fact that prostitutes were said to have used such tissues to clean themselves after intercourse.

In point of fact, kosugiwara may be a corrupted version of sugihara (杉原 or すぎはら) with ko (小) meaning small. "The ritual exchange of gifts of a bundle of paper with either a fan or a roll of silk was popular in the Heian Period, and is often described in detail in the diaries of nobles of that time. This practice couaght on among the samurai of the Middle Ages, and Sugiharagami was the paper they favored. Sugiharagami was so widely used in medieval Japan that it could easily be called the representative paper of the era..." (Quoted from: Tesuki WASHI Shuho: Fine Handmade Papers of Japan, by Yasuo Kume, published by Yushodo, Tokyo, 1980, vol. I, p. 68.) In 1116 the first reported gift of this paper was made to the Imperial Court. In time it was made in different locations, but its production was stopped by the late 19th century.

In 1966 a monument was raised "...to commemorate the birthplace of Sugiharagami at Kami-machi, and in 1972 the town established the Sugiharagami Research Institute..." to revive the production of this papaer. (Ibid., p. 69) Below is a selection of these posted at commons.wikimedia.org by Tomomarusan.

The oldest book on Japanese papermaking, the Kamisuki Taigai (紙漉大概? or かみすきたいがい), written in 1784 mentioned Sugiharagami.

Kote

籠手

(or 小手)

こて

A reinforced protective sleeve worn on the forearm of a warrior. According to one informative site only the left arm was covered until the 12th century. This was done to keep the armor robe away from the bowstring. From the 12th century on the kote was worn on both arms.

It was common to decorate the sleeves with the family crest or mon.

The first character 籠 means 'basket' or 'cage' and the second character 手 means 'hand.'

The details to the left are from a print by Yoshiiku. To see the full print click on the number 1 to the right. 1

While researching information about Bishamon I ran across a couple of terms for samurai armor which I found particularly interesting. The first was for a Bishamon-gote (毘沙門籠手 or びしゃもんごて) or a sleeve designed to look like that worn by this guardian god. The second was the Bishamon-sune-ate (毘沙門脛当て or びしゃもんすねあて) or like shin guard.

The source for this information comes from Oriental Armour by H. Russell Robinson (published by Courier Dover Publications, 2002, p. 223 - originally published in 1967).

Koto

琴

こと

A popular Japanese zither usually made of paulownia wood with 13 strings which are plucked with small plectrums on the thumb and first two fingers of the right hand.

According to The Shogun Age Exhibition (cat. entry #254, p. 242) the "koto (also called the sō) is a musical instrument of Western origins that came to be used in China in about the eighth century, B.C. The koto used at the beginning of the Christian era had five strings, but it is thought that the change to the present-day thirteen string model occurred sometime in the fifth or sixth century, A.D." 1, 2

Kotoji

琴柱

ことじ

To the left is a family crest or mon using the bridge of the koto as the basic design. A different design motif was used for the bridge of a shamisen.

Kotsuzumi

小鼓

こつずみ

A small hand drum

Kubihiki

首引

くびひき

Neck wrestling: There is a kyōgen (狂言 or きょうげん) - a short play or skit performed as comic relief between acts of the more serious Noh (能 or のう) theater - entitled Kubihiki. Kyōgen are divided into a number of categories and Kubihiki is one of the Demon Plays. Theme: Minamoto no Tametomo (1139-70: 源為朝 or みなもとのためとも), was "...said that he was 7 feet high and of a Herculean strength", neck wrestles with demons and wins. Tametomo encounters a major demon and his daughter and is told that he is to be eaten, but he challenges them to a contest. First up is a demon princess, but she finds Tametomo too powerful. Then all of the demons band together but are unable to defeat our hero. It is still performed today.

Now here is the truly fascinating part: It is a known fact that Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-1598: 豊臣秀吉 or とよとみひでよし), the unifier of Japan, had an incredible passion for Noh theater. "Once secure in his position, he felt that he must prove that he was not culturally inferior to the nobles and priests; the best way he decided, was to study Nō.... [and]...became passionately fond of the art, and other daimyos were obliged to study Nō in order to stay in Hideyoshi's good graces. In 1593, while Hideyoshi was in Kyushu waiting for the start of the invasion of Korea, he spent his time learning Nō, memorizing fifteen roles in the course of fifty days; before long he was confidently performing them before the public. On receiving word of the birth of his son, Hideyoshi hastily returned to Kyoto, and as part of the festivities himself performed for three days before the Emperor Go-Yōzei... [And here is the kicker] Tokogawa Ieyasu performed Nonomiya, and on the second day joined with Hideyoshi in a newly composed farce, Kubihiki."

Quoted from: Nō ; And, Bunraku: Two Forms of Japanese Theatre, by Donald Keene and Keizō Kaneko, Columbia University Press, 1990, p. 38

Is there any question as to which part Hideyoshi played and which Ieyasu?

The above image was sent to us by a generous, but anonymous contributor. It is a kanemono or clasp for a tobacco pouch showing the King of Hell, Emma-O neck wrestling with what appears to be a man casually smoking his pipe while totally unperturbed. Emma-o is backed up by a two oni or devils who don't seem to be having much effect. The point of this piece is clearly meant to be humorous.

In the British Museum there is a Kano school painting showing Asahina (朝夷 or あさひな) in Hell. Known for his great strength he vanquishes the demons who compete with him - one in neck wrestling. Then he is made the honored guest of Emma-O and all of the demons are made to serve him.

Source: Descriptive and Historical Catalogue of a Collection of Japanese and Chinese Paintings in the British Museum, by William Anderson, published by Longmans & Co., 1886, p. 313.

Sally E. D. Wilkins notes in her Sports and Games of Medieval Cultures (published by Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, p. 77) "...that the people of the artic in North America played almost this identical game."

Kuchinashi

梔

くちなし

Gardenia jasminoides or kuchinashi: In an appendix to Roger Keyes' catalogue of the Ainsworth collection at Oberlin College dealing with Japanese colorants the authors note "...that the dyeing of cloth was a fine art when the first prints were made and, hence, the colorants used in treating cloth were likely to have been employed initially in printmaking..." That is true of this particular warm yellow dye.

Hiroshi Yoshida in his Japanese Wood-block Printing (p. 72) concurs. He notes that kuchinashi was probably used formerly, but is rarely used today. Yoshida adds "Good yellow is difficult to obtain."

Amanda Mayer Stinchecum in Kosode: 16Th-19th Century Textiles from the Nomura Collection: 16th-19th Century Textiles from the Nomura Collection (pp. 202-3) provides considerable information about this plant and its use.

A low, evergreen shrub which can be found in south-central Honshū, Shikoku and Kyūshū. While the flower is strikingly beautiful and remarkably fragrant it is the fruit pod which counts when it comes to making the dye. Harvested in the fall the seed pod contains crocin (a carotenoid). Boiled in water the end product requires no mordant. Light sensitive this dye has been used since the Nara period.

The main colorant is crocin.

It would appear that the Chinese characters used for this plant, 梔子, can also be used by the Japanese.

The picture of the bloom above was taken by Jon Suehiro at the Fort Worth Botanic Garden on April 29, 2006. The shot of the pods was taken by Sue Suehiro at the Botanical Gardens Faculty of Science Osaka City University (大阪市立大学付属植物園 December 7, 2003. Sue operates a large web site at http://www.botanic.jp/index.htm. It is well worth a visit.

An interesting tangential bit of information: In 1761 the gardenia was named in honor of Dr. Alexander Garden (1730-91). I did not know that.

Although kuchinashi is mentioned here in reference to a yellow colorant it is mentioned for its red properties in the Kokinshu:

If only I could

secure blossoms of the silent

gardenias that grow

upon Earless mountain to

dye my robe with love's scarlet

However, yellow is the focal point of another poem in the same collection. This one is by Sosei (素性 or そせい: fl. ca. 859-923) and makes a pun on the term 'no mouth' [口無し] which is homonymous with the term for 'gardenia', i.e., kuchinashi.

Who is your owner,

robe of kerria yellow?

Your color has come

from the 'no mouth' gardenia,

and so you do not answer.

To read more about kerria or yamabuki go to this link: http://www.printsofjapan.com/Hodo_yellow_flowers.htm. Or, our entry on yamabuki at http://www.printsofjapan.com/Index_Glossary_Ya_thru_Z.htm.

In chapter 31 of The Tale of Genji the prince visits a part of the garden where Tamakazura had lived: "A clump of yamabuki grew untrimmed in a hedge of Chinese bamboo, very beautiful indeed. 'Robes of gardenia, the silent hue,' he said to himself, for there was no one to hear him.

The yamabuki wears the hue of silence,

So sudden was the parting of Idé road.

This quote is from Seidensticker's translation - 1992 edition, p. 536. He adds in a footnote an anonymous poem which must have formed the frame of reference:

I shall put on robes of gardenia, the silent hue,

And let them speak of my love with words of silence.

Professor Seidensticker adds: "A yellow dye was made form the seeds of the gardenia, which the Japanese call 'the mouthless flower.'

Kumade

熊手

くまで

Kumade, literally 'bear forepaw or hand'. I would like to thank our ever vigilant contributor Eikei (英渓) for reminding me of this.

In 1960 U. A. Casal in his "Lore of the Japanese Fan" published in the Monumenta Nipponica (p. 101) wrote: "Kumade, bamboo-rakes sold at certain temple festivals and taken home to procure wealth, are behung with
imitation coins, with sake-cups, the image of the phallic goddess
O-Tafuku [阿多福 or おたふく] and with fans."

Notice also the small braided rope or shimenawa strung right below the mask.

See also our entry on tori no ichi on our Tengu thru Tsuzumi index/glossary page.

Kumagai Jiro Naozane

熊谷次郎直実

くまがい.じろう.なおざね

Character from the play Ichinotani futaba gunki 1

Kurai-boshi

位星

くらいぼし

"An aristocrat's black 'stars of rank' (kurai-boshi, used only in Kabuki to denote courtly rank) painted on [the] forehead."

Quote from: The Actor's Image: Print Makers of the Katsukawa School, Timothy Clark, Osamu Ueda and Donald Jenkins, Princeton University Press, 1994, p. 207.

The image to the left shows Ichikawa Kuzō as Fujiwara Shihei dated 1894. Shihei was a 9th century court figure.

Kurogo

黒子

くろご

Roger Keyes stated: "In kabuki, black is a non-color. The ubiquitous hooded stagehands called kurogo, or 'little black men,' who run on and off stage during performances placing and removing properties, arranging costumes, prompting, and helping with effects are theoretically invisible to the audience and seldom appear in prints. Playwrights or close relatives of the actors were often appointed to the job."

Quote from: The Theatrical World of Osaka Prints, by Roger S. Keyes and Keiko Mizushima, Philadelphi Museum of Art, 1973, p. 116.

The image Keyes was discussing was that of a Shigeharu print showing the actor Onoe Fujaku III 'glaring' at a butterfly which has landed on his left sleeve. A kurogo in the lower right is manipulating the butterfly prop on a stick. "Very few Osaka artists drew stage properties..." "Stage butterflies are dangled on lacquered poles in the theater to this day."

Ibid.

The detail to the left is from a Yoshitaki print illustrating a bunraku or puppet performance. Since I am not an expert in such things I cannot swear that the black hooded figures integral to puppetry are called kurogo, but until I find out otherwise I will use this image as an example. Click on the number one to the right to go to the Yoshitaki page for further comments. 1

Kurowatsunagi

郭繋

くるわつなぎ

A decorative motif of interlocking rings. I have no idea exactly what this term means nor do the experts, supposedly. If I find out I will let you know later.

This image to the left is a detail from an Eizan print.

Kuro yuri

黒百合

くろゆり

There is a story of a jealous lover killing the woman he loves. She comes back as a black lily. This seems to be a common motif in many cultures. Of course, it isn't always jealousy which gives us beautiful flowers. Sometimes it is an accidental event or just plain overwhelming lust. All one has to do is think of the tragic loss of Hyacinth or the self-absorption of Narcissus who was too good for any woman - or man, for that matter.

Click on the image to the left to see the whole print of the warrior holding the bamboo container with the black lilies.

"When a tea-master has arranged a flower to his satisfaction he will place it on the tokonoma, the place of honour in a Japanese room. Nothing else will be placed near it which might interfere with its effect, not even a painting, unless there be some special aesthetic reason for the combination. It rests there like an enthroned prince, or the guests and disciples on entering the room will salute it with a profound bow before making their addresses to the host."

Quote from: The Book of Tea, by Okakura Kakuzo, Charles E. Tuttle Company, 1986, pp. 100-101.

"The guests at a tea gathering should not only appreciate the flowers for their beauty, but should also sense the transience of human existence as they contemplate the flowers' short life."

Quote from: Chado: The Japanese Way of Tea, by Soshitsu Sen, Weatherhill/Tankosha, 1979, p. 38.

These photos are used courtesy of Shu Suehiro at http://www.botanic.jp/index.htm.

It is a great site. You should visit it. Make sure you have lots of free time to do it justice. By the way, Shu says "The flowers have bad odor."

In 1918 Walter Weston in his The Playground of the Far East (p. 204) described this Alpine plant as rare and having a "delicate fragrance".

Among the Ainu this plant is called anrakoro. According to Basil Hall Chamberlain "The Ainu eat the bulb of this plant. It is dug up in the summer, brought home, washed, and boiled. When well cooked the bulbs are mashed and mixed with the fat of animals, or mixed with rice."

Like the Ainu the native peoples in Alaska, the west coast of Canada and the northwest coast of the United States all ate these bulbs either cooked in stews or raw. One group, the Hanaksiala, were said to wear the flowers in their Indian New Year's Flower Dance. (Source: Native American Ethnobotany by David Moerman)

Izumi Kyōka (1873-1939), the quintessential Meiji author, filled his novels and stories with elements of the supernatural. Jean Funatsu in the Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan (vol. 3, p. 365) noted that "More than two-thirds of his 300 works incorporate a supernatural element of some kind." Donald Keene tells us in his Dawn to the West: Japanese Literature in the Modern Era (Columbia University Press, 1998, p. 203) that "In an age when Western rationalism seemed to be unconditionally triumphant, Kyōka remained convinced that the visible world was surrounded by the supernatural. He lived in mortal dread of dogs and lightning, and was so devout that whenever he passed before a Shinto shrine or Buddhist temple he would bow in worship, first removing his glasses so that nothing would stand between himself and the divinities." His novel Kuro Yuri from 1899 was filled with the supernatural. Once the heroine "...has secured the lily [she] is menaced by swarms of white butterflies and eagles." "Only the purity of the heroine, Oyuki, enables her to succeed in the quest for absolute beauty that takes her from this world to the mysterious realm of the supernatural." (Ibid.)

In Chado the Way of Tea: A Japanese Tea Master's Almanac (a translation of the Japanese "Sado-saijiki" originally published in 1960, but here cited from the Tuttle edition, 2005) lists numerous flowers appropriate for the tea ceremony month by month. The author noted that many of the flowers continue to bloom for several months, but only one is chosen. Also, the location is important since plants flower at different times in different climes. For that reason this list all refer to plants of the Kinki district which includes Kyoto, Osaka, Nara, etc. ¶ The kuro yuri (Fritillaria camschatcensis or Kamchatka lily) is listed for May. "A few long oval leaves circle the stem, and cute dark purple six-petalled flowers in the shape of bells grow on top of each stalk." (pp. 250-251) "The encounter of Yodogimi and Kita no mandokoro over kuro-yuri of Hakusan, Etchū, is well known."

Yodogimi (1567-1615: 淀君 or よどぎみ, a concubine, was the only woman who bore Hideyoshi (1536-98) children and Nene (Kita no Mandokoro) was his wife. Above is Natori Shunsen's image of Yodogimi from 1925-29. NOTE: I haven't the slightest what the "well known" story about her, Kita no Mandokoro and the kuro yuri on Mt. Haku is. If anyone out there does know please let me in on it. Until then I will keep searching.

Fritillaria is from the Latin word fritillus or dice box because of the markings on the petals. One source calls them Kamchatka Mission Bells while others call it the Kamchatka lily or the chocolate lily - although there is another Fritillaria known by that specific name. Others call it the rice-root and still others black sarana. "The interchangeable use of the term 'rice' for rice-root is due to the white bulblets that form around the bulb of Fritillaria and that resemble rice grains. (Quote from: Keeping It Living: Traditions of Plant Use and Cultivation on the Northwest Coast of North America by Douglas Deur) This plant was also called Indian rice. "In Haida, rice was called 'Fritillaria teeth'..."

(Source and quote from: Food Plants of Coastal First Peoples by Nancy J. Turner) "The presence of northern rice-root (Fritillaria camschatcensis) pollen at Cape Ball suggest that the starch-rich bulb of this plant, which was widely eaten by coastal peoples in British Columbia, was already available in the late glacial period." (Quoted from: Haida Gwaii: Human History And Environment from the Time of Loon to the Time of the Iron People in an article by Terri Lacourse and Rolf W. Mathewes)

Kuruma

車

くるま

The wheel motif is used in several variations both for decorative effects and as a family crest or mon. One is the Buddhist sacred wheel - not shown here - and another is the Genji-guruma which is. There are also pinwheels and waterwheels.

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