JAPANESE PRINTS
A MILLION QUESTIONS
TWO MILLION
MYSTERIES
Ukiyo-e Prints
浮世絵版画
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formerly
Port Townsend, Washington
now Kansas City,
Missouri |
THE MANY USES OF EBI
or as we like to
say
A WORD IS WORTH A
THOUSAND PICTURES
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ABOUT THIS PICTURE:
Last fall, October 2004 to
be exact, a couple of friends of mine traveled to Japan. They are bright and
fun loving and I can only believe that they were having a great time when
they took this photograph. Either that or they are taking the concept of
sashimi to new extremes.
I want to thank my friends,
especially the wife who wishes to remain anonymous for obvious reasons, for
letting me use this image. I love it. Shades of Woody Allen. |
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HOW THE SHRIMP
GOT ITS SHAPE
A long time ago a
big bird, in fact, a really big bird kept getting compliments on his size.
This caused him to swell with pride and so he set out on a great journey so
everyone could see how large he was. During a particularly long flight over
water he tired and looked for a safe place to land. Finally he saw a pile of
'debris' sticking up out of the water. So, he set down there. With that a
voice said "Who is perched on my whisker?" The speaker was an Ise shrimp.
The bird identified itself and bragged about its size and its journey. To
that the shrimp replied that the bird couldn't be as large as he and that
gave him the idea that he should go off on a journey to show everyone how
much larger he was. He set off but after a while he too grew weary and
decided to rest in a convenient cave nearby. Once safely ensconced the
shrimp heard a voice which said "Who is that in my nostril?" That came
from a very large fish which suddenly sneezed extremely hard blowing the
shrimp out of its nose sending it hurtling through the air until eventually
he crashed into a high cliff. That is how the shrimp got its shape.
Moral
Look what excessive
pride can do to you.
***********
Immediately above is an 1832 print by Hiroshige of an Ise ebi and ebi.
I want to thank our contributor
E. for helping me determine
the authenticity of this
particular print. Above that is a detail of most of a print by Kuniyoshi ca.
1837. It is from an untitled series of birds and beasts and may well
be a reference to the story of how the shrimp got its shape.
***********
There are several
local variations on this story. The one above comes from Ehime. But there
are others. The Shizuoka, Okayama and Yamaguchi versions are called "Why the
shrimp's back is bent" (Ebi no koshi ga magatta wake.) Another is entitled
"Comparing sizes" (Ōkii kurabe.) We all know about that one.
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Above is a detail from an early
Kunisada print from ca. 1812 showing a shrimp-shaped
wreath made of dried bonito woven
together through the use of straw ropes.
I have included it in this section
although I am not absolutely sure it was meant for
a New Year's decoration.
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Above is a detail from a print by
Kunichika from 1862. Like the one shown above it from fifty years earlier
the straw and dried bonito wreath in the shape of an ebi is placed along the
left edge of a print. The full prints represent two totally different kabuki
plays, but both have the same unusual decoration.
(The coloring in this example is my
own and not true to the original.)
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Above is a surimono attributed to
Danjūrō
VII. Private collection. |
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Somewhere someone wrote that it was
common to see an ebi accompanying
the standard Ichikawa crest of
three concentric squares. This may be true, but
as far as I can tell it isn't. At
least I can offer you one good example from a Japanese print.
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Above is a detail from a print by
Kuniyoshi of an actor,
possibly Ichikawa Ebizō VI,
caricatured as a warrior shrimp.
Date: 1847-52.
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Above is a detail from a print by
Kunichika
of an actor as Ise Ebi Higezō.
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AS FABRIC DESIGN
WITHOUT SYMBOLISM?
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Above is a detail from a print from
1854 by Kuniharu. The male
actor is performing in the role of the
"Kyōto Doll" which once
carved comes to life. On her obi is
prominently displayed an ebi.
At this point I don't know that this
has any significant meaning
and may only operate as a dramatic
decorative motif.
Lovely isn't it?
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Sometimes a fabric design takes the
form of a distorted kanji character
meaning congratulations, but morphs it
into an image of a bat --- which
is obviously not an ebi. However, I
placed this here because of the section seen
immediately below this one where the
kanji does take the form of a
shrimp. This detail is from a Toyokuni
III print.
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Above is a detail from a print by
Toyokuni III. |
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If you look
carefully of the ebi pattern on the fan you will realize that it is actually
a kanji character. It is said to represent the word kotobuki which
translates as "Congratulations!" This is a word which would appear
occasionally in this form when an actor would have a debut performance under
certain specific circumstances. Not only that but it also identifies the
actor as one of those in the long line using the name Ebizō.
壽
ことぶき
CONGRATULATIONS!
They say, whoever
'they' are, that if you don't use it you lose it. Well, I obviously lost it.
Years ago I took Chinese mainly because I was studying Chinese art.
Everywhere could be found a decorative motif on fabrics, on
porcelains, on jades, etc., with the character 'shou'. I knew its symbolic
meaning well at the time and why it was there. 'Shou' was written as 壽 and
by itself meant 'old age' or 'longevity'. However, by itself in Japan it
also came to mean 'congratulations' and not just 'long life'.
In modern usage
some characters have been given a shortened version of longer, older ones. 'Shou'
is one of these. Originally it was written as 壽, but today is written as 寿.
The second reading is what I had originally posted above, but it just didn't
look right so I consulted one of our correspondents, E. Well, he set me
right and for this I am grateful. So, to him I say sincerely "壽" with both
of its meanings. Thanks E!
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Above is a detail from a print by
Kunisada from the late 1830s. |
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Above is a detail from a print by
Kuniyoshi. To see its surprising pendant go to the bottom of this page. |
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Ebie
蛯江
えびえ
Ebisawa
蛯沢
えびさわ
Ebizawa
蛯沢
えびざわ
Ebita
蛯田
えびた
Ebina
蛯姓
えびな
Ebihara
蛯原
えびはら |
Ebikai
蛯貝
えびかい
Ebiko
蛯子
えびこ
Ebisawa
蛯澤
えびさわ
Ebidani
蛯谷
えびだに
Ebina
蛯名
えびな
Ebiya
蛯谷
えびや |
Ebikawa
蛯川
えびかわ
Ebisu
蛯子
えびす
Ebishi
蛯子
えびし
Ebitani
蛯谷
えびたに
Ebine
蛯子
えびね
Ebin
蛯名
えびん |
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A GREEN HOUSE
AND ITS
COURTESANS
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When is a
greenhouse not a green house? The distinction is important --- especially if
you are a botanist. Even if you aren't. A greenhouse in the West is,
according to the Oxford English Dictionary, "A glass-house in which delicate
and tender plants are reared and preserved." A green house, on the other
hand, is the name given to brothels in Japan and probably has its origins in
a borrowing for that term from the Chinese. We think of a red light district
like that of Amsterdam. The Chinese thought of a green door district because
that was the color the entry place was painted in their bordellos. Isn't it
odd that both cultures focused on the use of different colors as
euphemistic ways of referring to whorehouses and their activities?
Seiro (青楼)
is the Japanese term and translates literally as 'green tower'. One of the
major houses found in the Yoshiwara district of Edo was the Ebi-ya (海老屋). Why this brothel called itself the Shrimp House is not
exactly clear to me. However, one contributor to this site pointed out to me
the other day that in kabuki there is a term used for a kneeling and
backward-arching onnagata pose called ebizori (海老反り). Maybe by
extension this is how this particular brothel chose its name. But that is
just speculation on my part.
Below are two
courtesans of the Ebi-ya House. The one on
the left is by Eizan
and the one on the right is by Sencho. |
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OH YEAH...AND SEA
CREATURES AND OTHER ANIMALS |
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Ebi
蝦
えび
Shrimp, prawn or
lobster
Shiba ebi
芝海老
しばえび
Prawn |
Kawaebi
川蝦
かわえび
Crawfish
Kuruma ebi
車蝦
くるまえび
Prawn or wheel shrimp |
Ise ebi
伊勢蝦
Spiny lobster
Gama
蝦蟇
がま
Toad |
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Detail of prawns from a print by Hiroshige
published in 1832.
I want to thank our contributor E.
for helping me determine
the authenticity of this detail
from this particular print.
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Above is a detail from a print by
Yoshitoshi of a woman eating shrimp tempura. |
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Ebi-jō
海老錠
A lock shaped like a
fish. |
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Gamaguchi
蝦蟇口
A handbag
While technically not
an ebi word per se handbag is made up of the word for toad plus the
kanji for mouth, orifice or opening. A hiki, 蟇, is a toad in its
simplest form. But another form for toad combines an ebi character
with that of hiki and is vocalized as gama. So...there is an ebi in there somewhere. |
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As best I can tell
this is what the Japanese mean by a gamaguchi. If anyone knows any
better please contact me.
Perhaps the name is
more descriptive than symbolic: A big mouth and an even bigger belly.
Personally I don't know a damned thing about handbags Japanese or otherwise.
However, I do want to thank three friends for helping me locate one for this
web page. First I wrote Chris and asked him to ask his wife Anne if she had
one. Then I asked Anne and she asked Vicki and Vicki came through with
flying colors. Of course, it wasn't easy for her because her cat, seen below,
was just getting ready to go out for an evening of fine dining and partying.
As you can see the cat is dressed up in her finest attire and has that aloof
look of a super model posing for a spread in Vogue. But Vicki prevailed and got the cat to wait long enough for her to take a
couple of snapshots. Thanks Vicki! You too Chris and Anne. |
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Ezo
蝦夷
Ainu
Detail from a 1871
Kuniteru II print
showing Ainu
harvesting seaweed.
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Emishi
蝦夷
えみし |
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Ebisu
蝦夷
えびす |
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Ebichou
蛯町
えびちょう
Ebidzuka
海老塚
えびづか
Ezo
蝦夷
えぞ
An old name for
Hokkaido
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Ebina
蛯名
えびな
Ebimasa
蛯政
えびまさ
Ebikawaushiro
蛯川後
えびかわうしろ
Ebijima
海老島
えびじま
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Ebi cha
海老茶
えびちゃ
Maroon or
reddish-brown
Ebigoshi
蝦腰
えびごし
Bent over with age |
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Ebi de tai wo tsuru
海老で鯛を釣る
えびでたいをつる
Throw out a shrimp and
pull out a whale.
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Detail from a print by Kunichika. |
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Sebastian Izzard in
his Kunisada's World (p. 166) notes that this artist created the
'shrimp's tail' hairstyle specifically to illustrate Ryūtei Tanehiko's
wildly popular novel Nise Murasaki inaka Genji (An Impostor Murasaki
and a Rustic Genji).
Izzard even quotes
Tanehiko's preface to Chapter 38 where the author discusses this rather odd
coiffure:
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At first even I thought it a peculiar hair style, but, as I became ac-
customed to seeing it reproducted on votary plaques, battledores, and
quilted pictures; on offertory articles in temple courtyards at fair time or
lanterns hanging from the eaves of the Yoshiwara; on round hand-fans, to be
sure, but also in the shape of rice crackers - then even I ceased to think
it unusual or bizarre. |
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Well, I'm sorry,
but I still find it a bit silly, even jarring. Tanehiko may have learned to
live wtih it, but I'm not that easy. Besides, I can't help but think of the
character of Alfalfa in the Our Gang series from the 1930s. I mean,
once you have seen him you aren't likely to forget him. Even if he hadn't
spoken a word...that hair. Wow! The slicked-down-the-center-part and that oh
so present spike at the back. And then...there is always Mad Magazine's
Alfred E. Neuman's "What, me worry?" look. He is the Alfalfa persona updated
to the 1950s and later with a better hairstyle, but basically the same face.
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Immediately above is a detail
from a Toyohisa print.
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Ebi mon worn on the robe of Ebizō V
in an 1852 print by
Toyokuni III
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In the Symbols
of Japan by Merrily Baird and published by Rizzoli in 1991 it states
that the lobster, i.e., ebi is "A symbol of longevity and good fortune..."
[p. 147] while the shrimp, also ebi, "...in Japanese art...appears less
frequently [than the lobster] and usually without symbolic significance."
[p.161] The lobster, on the other hand, "...is a staple of New Year's
decorations. It appears occasionally as a family crest, adorns
textiles, especially those stencil-dyed and worn in informal contexts, and
is found on a variety of applied art objects..." [p. 147]
Baird also notes
that the lobster is sometimes included in the shimekazari (注連飾り), a
twisted straw rope festooned with propitious symbols such as a citrus fruit,
ferns, etc., used during the New Year's celebrations. |
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AS LIFE'S AMBITION
OR
WHAT DO YOU WANTA BE
WHEN YOU GROW UP JOHNNY?
(ANSWER: A SHRIMP, OF
COURSE!)
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Actually I don't have the slightest what this image means. Further up this
page is an actor in a similar display. Why? Got me. This stuff is way beyond
my comprehension. Perhaps one of you will know. If so enlighten me please. |
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Kuniyoshi (1797-1861)
must have been one of the wittiest and most talented artists of any age
anywhere. Until you have spent the time studying his work you can't possibly
imagine how creative he was.
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